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The genome of modern humans turned out to be unique by 1.5–7 percent
Mikhail Podrezov, N+1
American geneticists analyzed 279 genomes of modern and 3 archaic people and found out that the DNA of sapiens is only 1.5–7 percent unique in relation to other hominins. Most of the current genetic changes occurred in humans before the split between the future populations of Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals about 520-630 thousand years ago. Neanderthal genes in modern DNA of non-African populations were obtained as a result of hybridization about 74 thousand years ago. Article by Schaefer et al. An ancestral recombination graph of human, Neanderthal, and Denisovan genomes is published in the journal Science Advances.
On the left is the skull of Homo sapiens sapiens, about 30 thousand years old. On the right is the skull of Homo neanderthalensis, about 50-70 thousand years old.
The project "1000 genomes", which began in 2008, allowed to collect a huge publicly available database, work with which generates numerous discoveries in the field of population genetics and comparative genomics. The result of these works was a more complete understanding of the nature of the genetic diversity of mankind.
In parallel, paleogenetics is developing rapidly, primarily thanks to the Swedish biologist Svante Paabo, under whose leadership it was possible to sequence in 2010 the nuclear DNA of two groups of archaic people at once – Neanderthals and Denisovans. Ongoing research allows us to find out what contribution the dead-end branches of human development have made to modern populations. So, it became known that all non-African people carry 2-4 percent of Neanderthal DNA, and some peoples of Asia, Oceania and Australia also received Denisov genes. At the same time, geneticists observe that over the past 45 thousand years, such sequences have not been "washed out" from the DNA of modern humans.
Nathan Schaefer from the University of California, together with scientists from the United States, analyzed the genomes of modern humans and archaic hominins using a new algorithm for studying hereditary recombination graphs. In total, 279 genomes of modern humans were studied, two genomes with high coverage of Neanderthals and one of Denisovans. Using the resulting graphs of hereditary recombination, scientists were able to map the origin of Neanderthals and Denisovans.
The results of the study showed that there is evidence of at least one wave of Neanderthal gene admixture in all modern non-Africans. The origin of Denisovans turned out to be the result of multiple introgressions from different populations. Scientists have found slightly more Neanderthal genes in populations of Central and East Asia, as well as America, than in Europe, Southwest and South Asia, and in the latter region there are more limited Neanderthal haploblocks than anywhere else.
In humans, most of the current genetic changes occurred before the split between the future populations of Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals about 520-630 thousand years ago. The researchers were able to establish that about 7 percent of the modern human genome is unique, calling it an "archaic desert", with additional restrictions, this proportion drops to one and a half percent. The rest consists of areas or admixtures shared with archaic hominins. Scientists have found evidence of multiple waves of specific mutations, suggesting that the modern human phenotype could develop in stages. Neanderthal admixture was obtained about 74 thousand years ago.
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