CRISPR-like gene editing system found in eukaryotic cells
Researchers have discovered a proprietary genetic editing system in eukaryotic cells. According to preliminary estimates, it is more efficient and safer than the CRISPR/Cas9 system borrowed from prokaryotes (prenuclear organisms).Biologists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have discovered a genetic editing system that could potentially be more accurate than the currently used CRISPR/Cas9 system. It is based on the Fanzor protein, which is programmed by RNA, and controls point cuts in the DNA. It is the first such system discovered in eukaryotes (organisms that have a nucleus in their cells).
Researchers have isolated Fanzor proteins in the cells of fungi, algae, and several species of mollusc amoebas. Biochemical analysis showed that these proteins are enzymes of DNA-cutting endonucleases that use non-coding RNA proteins known as ωRNA to control them. They target specific sites in the genome and help to direct the "scissors" as precisely as possible.
Researchers have analyzed the possibility of using these proteins as a tool for artificial genetic editing. Using models, including human cells, they showed that this mechanism can be used to make the necessary changes (insertions and deletions) in DNA. Moreover, although in general this system was less effective in cutting DNA than CRISPR systems, but the introduction of several mutations in the protein significantly increased its activity.
The researchers note that, judging from the data of the first tests, this system can work more accurately than existing mechanisms of genetic editing. In addition, the Fanzor system is easier to deliver to body tissues and cells for use as a therapeutic agent.
CRISPR is the most widely used and studied method of genetic editing. It has been discovered in prokaryotes, single-celled organisms whose cells lack a nucleus. Although the technology has been adapted to work in more complex organisms, researchers have noted that there are many side effects, including unintended mutations. Numerous groups of geneticists are working to improve the method and find alternative solutions. Fanzor could be one such system.